[223], By the summer of 1963 Conservative Party Chairman Lord Poole was urging the ageing Macmillan to retire. D. R. Thorpe argues that this, coming after the resignations of Labour ministers Aneurin Bevan, John Freeman and Harold Wilson in April 1951 (who had wanted higher expenditure), and the cuts made by Butler and Macmillan as Chancellors in 195556, was another step in the development of "stop-go" economics, as opposed to prudent medium-term management. Anything he says that is not obvious is dangerous; whatever is not trite is risky. Dorothy's brother-in-law, James Stuart, was Tory chief whip at the time, and very much a member of the anti-Boothby camp. He saw Butler on the morning of 7 October and told him he planned to stay on to lead the Conservatives into the next General Election, then was struck down by prostate problems on the night of 78 October, on the eve of the Conservative Party conference. [146] Macmillan, away on a tour of the Commonwealth, brushed aside this incident as "a little local difficulty". There was something in all these views, which he did little to discourage, and which commanded public respect into the early 1960s. [267], Macmillan was an elected Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1962.[268]. The maxim is worthy of the fool in the old story, who resolved not to go into the water until he had learnt to swim. [276] Fisher also wrote that he "had a talent for pursuing progressive policies but presenting them tactfully in a Conservative tone of voice".[279]. Macmillan's wartime diaries were better received. In the end the crisis was resolved by giving priority for demobilisation to men who had served the longest. Harold Macmillan, who was prime minister from 1957 to 1963, believed in fidelity, loved his wife, and was heartbroken when she died. While the establishment would protect its own - as it did the King and Wallis Simpson - it did not forgive those who publicly breached the unwritten code. It meant obtaining scarce steel, cement and timber when the Treasury were trying to maximise exports and minimise imports. Married Andrew Heath in 1953; two children. March 1957 Lord Home succeeds Lord Salisbury as Lord President, remaining Commonwealth Relations Secretary. "The essence of his persona was as elusive as mercury." Their advice was rejected and in January 1958 the three Treasury ministersPeter Thorneycroft, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nigel Birch, Economic Secretary to the Treasury, and Enoch Powell, the Financial Secretary to the Treasury and seen as their intellectual ringleaderresigned. David Walker, 'Focus on 1957: Macmillan ordered Windscale censorship'. [169], In addition, Macmillan succeeded in having Eisenhower to agree to set up Anglo-American "working groups" to examine foreign policy problems and for what he called the "Declaration of Interdependence" (a title not used by the Americans who called it the "Declaration of Common Purpose"), which he believed marked the beginning of a new era of Anglo-American partnership. In his diary Harold Nicolson noted the feelings of the Tory backbenchers: "They feel that Winston is too old and Anthony (Eden) too weak. [140] He was also devoted to family members: when Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire was later appointed (Minister for Colonial Affairs from 1963 to 1964 among other positions) he described his uncle's behaviour as "the greatest act of nepotism ever". [43] Dick Leonard reports that Alistair Horne refers to "inevitable rumours" and that "he left for the 'usual reasons' for boys to be expelled from public schools".[44]. There is a moral right to privacy and I think it should be a legal right. [36] On one occasion he had to command reliable troops in a nearby park as a unit of Guardsmen was briefly refusing to reembark for France, although the incident was resolved peacefully. [81], Together with Gladwyn Jebb he helped to negotiate the Italian armistice in August 1943, between the fall of Sicily and the Salerno Landings. Boothby's constituents never had to decide whether their much- loved MP was compromised by his behaviour, since it was never paraded through the tabloids. [1] Caricatured as "Supermac", he was known for his pragmatism, wit and unflappability. Married Andrew Heath in 1953; two children. Davenport-Hines has studied the events of those years. [258], Macmillan had often play-acted being an old man long before real old age set in. ; and because of the Maclean-Burgess affair of 1951 the Americans believed the British government was full of Soviet spies and thus could not be trusted. [124], In later life Macmillan was open about his failure to read Eisenhower's thoughts correctly and much regretted the damage done to Anglo-American relations, but always maintained that the Anglo-French military response to the nationalisation of the Canal had been for the best. It's a shame that Harold misunderstood her. [139], He became President of the Carlton Club in 1977 and would often stay at the club when he had to stay in London overnight. Labour leader Harold Wilson wrote that his "role as a poseur was itself a pose". Macmillan was openly criticised by his predecessor Lord Avon, an almost unprecedented act.[180]. '[110] Of the role of Foreign Secretary Macmillan observed: Nothing he can say can do very much good and almost anything he may say may do a great deal of harm. Betts, Lewis David. Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged inPlease refresh your browser to be logged in, Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. [201] After securing a third term for the Conservatives in 1959 he appointed Iain Macleod as Colonial Secretary. [185], The special relationship with the United States continued after the election of President John F. Kennedy, whose sister Kathleen Cavendish had married William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, the nephew of Macmillan's wife. Macmillan was also the minister advising General Keightley of V Corps, the senior Allied commander in Austria responsible for Operation Keelhaul, which included the forced repatriation of up to 70,000 prisoners of war to the Soviet Union and Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslavia in 1945. I am sure they will be more efficient. Lady Dorothy was also descended from William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, who served as Prime Minister from 1756 to 1757 in communion with Newcastle and Pitt the Elder. The treasury was his portfolio, but he did not recognise the financial disaster that could result from US government actions. Lady Dorothy Evelyn Macmillan GBE (ne Cavendish; 28 July 1900 21 May 1966) was an English socialite and the third daughter of Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire, and Evelyn Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. In 1933 he was the sole author of "Reconstruction: A Plea for a National Unity". Although she is said to have replaced Lady Dorothy in Macmillan's affections, there is disagreement over how intimate they became after the deaths of their respective spouses, and whether he proposed. [241], Macmillan was a member of many clubs. Oliver Lyttelton had a similar job at Cairo, while Robert Murphy was Macmillan's US counterpart. Macleod greatly accelerated decolonisation and by the time he was moved to Conservative Party chairman and Leader of the Commons in 1961 he had made the decision to give independence to Nigeria, Tanganyika, Kenya, Nyasaland (as Malawi) and Northern Rhodesia (as Zambia). The journalist and writer Quentin Crewe recalls a lengthy relationship with her. Macmillan visited Greece on 11 December 1944. Macmillan had further meetings with Aldrich and Winston Churchill after Eden left for Jamaica (23 November) while briefing journalists (disingenuously) that he planned to retire and go to the Lords. "Historians, the Penguin Specials and the 'State-of-the-Nation' Literature, 195864. She spent her first eight years at Holker Hall, Lancashire (located in the county of Cumbria post-1974); and Lismore Castle, Ireland. [168] The "revolutionary" change that Macmillan sought was a more equal Anglo-American partnership as he used the Sputnik "crisis" to press Eisenhower to in turn press Congress to repeal the 1946 MacMahon Act, which forbade the United States to share nuclear technology with foreign governments, a goal accomplished by the end of 1957. [189] Kennedy for his part wanted Britain to commit forces to Laos if the United States did for political reasons. According to Sir Patrick Neill QC, the vice-chancellor, Macmillan "would talk late into the night with eager groups of students who were often startled by the radical views he put forward, well into his last decade."[237]. [170] Subsequently, Macmillan was to learn that neither Eisenhower nor Kennedy shared the assumption that he applied to the "Declaration of Interdependence" that the American president and the British Prime Minister had equal power over the decisions of war and peace. She. [70] Though a junior minister he was a member of the Privy Council, and he spoke in the House of Commons for Colonial Secretaries Lord Moyne and Lord Cranborne. Once, when I got engaged to an American heiress, she pursued me from Chatsworth to Paris and from Paris to Lisbon. [204] This aim was best achieved by having the same Malay elite who had worked with the British colonial authorities serve as the new elite in Malaysia, hence Macmillan's desire to have a Malay majority who would vote for Malay politicians. In 1919 he became Aide-de-Camp to the 9th . The Egyptian government, which came to be dominated by Gamal Abdel Nasser, was opposed to the British military presence in the Arab World. Her nephew William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, married Kathleen Kennedy, a sister of John F. Kennedy. Wagner was right.' His precise quote, at a dinner of the Tory Reform Group at the Royal Overseas League on 8 November 1985, was on the subject of the sale of assets commonplace among individuals or states when they encountered financial difficulties: 'First of all the Georgian silver goes. [145] His One Nation approach to the economy was to seek high or full employment, especially with a general election looming. She said to me once: 'People say I'm unfaithful but I've always been faithful to Bob.'. Asked who could lead such a coalition, he replied: "Mr Gladstone formed his last Government when he was eighty-three. A family rumour that Boothby was her natural father has been discounted by the most recent and detailed study. She did not learn the truth about her parentage until she was about 17, when it shook her deeply. [177] Butler leaked to the Daily Mail on 11 July 1962 that a major reshuffle was imminent. [201] Many in the British media compared the living conditions in the Kenyan camps to the concentration camps of Nazi Germany, saying that the people in the camps were emaciated and sickly. [45] Philip Frere, a partner in Frere Cholmely solicitors, urged Macmillan not to divorce his wife, which at that time would have been fatal to a public career even for the "innocent party". He wrote a pamphlet "The Price of Peace" calling for alliance between Britain, France and the USSR, but expecting Poland to make territorial "accommodation" to Germany (i.e. In the 1950s Macmillan served as Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer under Anthony Eden. For these reasons, Kennedy was adamant that if the United States intervened in Laos, then he expected the United Kingdom to likewise do so. Macmillan was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1942, in his own words "leaving a madhouse to enter a mausoleum". Or was it Tibet? [231], While recovering in hospital, Macmillan wrote a memorandum (dated 14 October) recommending the process by which "soundings" would be taken of party opinion to select his successor, which was accepted by the Cabinet on 15 October. The prime minister was Harold Macmillan; his wife was Lady Dorothy, rooted by birth in the English aristocracy, and her lover was Bob Boothby, later ennobled by Macmillan as Baron Boothby of Buchan and Rattray Head. Macmillan had opposed Eden's trip to Jamaica and told Butler (15 December, the day after Eden's return) that younger members of the Cabinet wanted Eden out. De Gaulle was always strongly opposed to British entry for many reasons. You mustn't put temptation in my way. With hereditary peerages again being created under Thatcher, Macmillan requested the earldom that had been customarily bestowed to departing prime ministers, and on 24 February 1984 he was created Earl of Stockton and Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden. Macmillan was the last British prime minister born during the Victorian era, the last to have served in the First World War and the last to receive a hereditary peerage. in, Ovendale, Ritchie. The other said, 'Starve a cold'; she was a monetarist. The report starts by quoting the brief provided by the Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, from 1960, "First, the industry must be of a size and pattern suited to modern conditions and prospects. He was an habitue of Birch Grove, the Macmillan family home near East Grinstead, Sussex, throughout the Fifties. Nick Rufford, 'A-bomb links kept secret from Queen'. Eden appointed Duff Cooper as Representative to the Free French government in Algeria (after the liberation of mainland France, he later continued as Ambassador to France from November 1944) and Noel Charles as Ambassador to Italy to reduce Macmillan's influence. In 1936, Harold and his brother Daniel took control of the firm, with the former focusing on the political and non-fiction side of the business. So, in the last resort, we must use force and defy opinion, here and overseas".[119]. He supported the welfare state and the necessity of a mixed economy with some nationalised industries and strong trade unions. I'm only eighty-two. He was a force in the negotiations leading to the signing of the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty by the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union. [239] Butler wrote in his review of Riding the Storm: "Altogether this massive work will keep anybody busy for several weeks."[240]. "[237], A private funeral was held on 5 January 1987 at St Giles' Church, Horsted Keynes, West Sussex, where he had regularly worshipped and read the lesson. After her death he told a biographer of Macmillan: 'She was the most selfish and possessive woman I have ever known. The Canal remained in Egyptian hands, and Nasser's government continued its support of Arab and African national resistance movements opposed to the British and French presence in the region and on the continent. [192], The failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961 made Kennedy distrust the hawkish advice he received from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the CIA, and he ultimately decided against intervention in Laos, much to Macmillan's private relief. [229] Macmillan was almost ready to leave hospital within ten days of the diagnosis and could easily have carried on, in the opinion of his doctor Sir John Richardson. The Egyptian nationalisation of the Suez Canal by Nasser on 26 July 1956 prompted the British government and the French government of Guy Mollet to commence plans for invading Egypt, regaining the canal, and toppling Nasser. [61] "Chips" Channon described him as the "unprepossessing, bookish, eccentric member for Stockton-on-Tees" and recorded (8 July 1936) that he had been sent a "frigid note" by Conservative Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin. '[96], By July 1952 Macmillan was already criticising Butler (then Chancellor of the Exchequer) in his diary, accusing him of "dislik(ing) and fear(ing) him"; in fact there is no evidence that Butler regarded Macmillan as a rival at this stage. He noted that the decision represented a break with tradition, and predicted that the snub would rebound on the university. He opposed the appeasement of Germany practised by the Conservative government. [141] Macmillan's Defence Minister, Duncan Sandys, wrote at the time: "Eden had no gift for leadership; under Macmillan as PM everything is better, Cabinet meetings are quite transformed". Passion can be a higher form of sensibility, and it was admired as such, but it can only flourish amid tension and obstacles. The deportations and Macmillan's involvement later became a source of controversy because of the harsh treatment meted out to Nazi collaborators and anti-partisans by the receiving countries, and because in the confusion V Corps went beyond the terms agreed at Yalta and Allied Forces Headquarters directives by repatriating 4000 White Russian troops and 11,000 civilian family members, who could not properly be regarded as Soviet citizens. It may well be the end of British influence and strength forever. I really haven't a clue how to set about the job". Churchill visited Italy in August 1944. Having had an abortion in 1951, she was unable to have children of her own and the couple adopted two sons. Macmillan's speech was much commented on, and a few days later he made a speech in the House of Lords, referring to it: When I ventured the other day to criticise the system I was, I am afraid, misunderstood. [232][233], Macmillan was succeeded by Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home in a controversial move; it was alleged that Macmillan had pulled strings and utilised the party's grandees, nicknamed 'The Magic Circle', who had slanted their "soundings" of opinion among MPs and Cabinet Ministers to ensure that Butler was (once again) not chosen.[234]. Just two weeks after the untimely death of Gaitskell in 1963, his wife Dora wrote that she was "most deeply hurt" by claims the Conservative leader had made during a debate in parliament. From the age of sixteen she lived with the family at Rideau Hall, Ottawa, where her father served as Governor General of Canada. [205] Macmillan wanted Britain to retain military bases in the new state of Malaysia to ensure that Britain was a military power in Asia and thus he wanted the new state of Malaysia to have a pro-Western government. [83] He visited London in October 1943 and again clashed with Eden. [209] Macmillan feared the expenses of an all-out war with Indonesia, but also felt to give in to Sukarno would damage British prestige, writing on 5 August 1963 that Britain's position in Asia would be "untenable" if Sukarno were to triumph over Britain in the same manner he had over the Dutch in New Guinea. Instead, the resignation of the new candidate at Stockton allowed Macmillan to be re-selected there, and he returned to the House of Commons for his old seat in 1931. [8] The stress caused by this may have contributed to Macmillan's nervous breakdown in 1931. The Vassall affair turned the press against him. [71], Macmillan predicted that the Conservatives faced landslide defeat after the war, causing Channon to write (6 Sep 1944) of "the foolish prophecy of that nice ass Harold Macmillan". [63], Macmillan supported Chamberlain's first flight for talks with Hitler at Berchtesgaden, but not his subsequent flights to Bad Godesberg and Munich. [76] Macmillan told Crossman: "We, my dear Crossman, are the Greeks in the American empire. The speedy transfer of power maintained the goodwill of the new nations but critics contended it was premature. [57], Macmillan spent the 1930s on the backbenches. [14], As a child, teenager and later young man, he was an admirer of the policies and leadership of a succession of Liberal Prime Ministers, starting with Henry Campbell-Bannerman, who came to power when Macmillan was only 11 years old, and then H. H. Asquith, whom he later described as having "intellectual sincerity and moral nobility", and particularly of Asquith's successor, David Lloyd George, whom he regarded as a "man of action", likely to accomplish his goals. [219] Macmillan's handling of the Vassall affair in which an Admiralty clerk, John Vassall, was convicted in October 1962 of passing secrets to the Soviet Union undermined his "Super-Mac" reputation for competence. Eisenhower spoke highly of Macmillan ("A straight, fine man, and so far as he is concerned, the outstanding one of the British he served with during the war"). [124] On 6 November Macmillan informed the Cabinet that Britain had lost $370m in the first few days of November alone. Suppose that a Conservative prime minister's wife were to have a passionate love affair lasting nearly 30 years? [56] In 1928, Macmillan was described by his political hero, and now Parliamentary colleague, David Lloyd George, as a "born rebel". Official bank rate, which had been kept low since the 1930s, was hiked in September 1958. One of his innovations at the Treasury was the introduction of premium bonds,[114] announced in his budget of 17 April 1956. "Harold Macmillan and appeasement: implications for the future study of Macmillan as a foreign policy actor.". [238] Reading these volumes was said by Macmillan's political enemy Enoch Powell to induce 'a sensation akin to that of chewing on cardboard'. Much later on he treated the troubled and unhappy young woman with great kindness. His disapproval handicapped Boothby's political prospects enormously. Macmillan was given responsibility for increasing colonial production and trade, and signalled the future policy direction when in June 1942 he declared: The governing principle of the Colonial Empire should be the principle of partnership between the various elements composing it. [214] A report from Sir Frank Lee of the Treasury in April 1960 predicated that the three major power blocs in the decades to come would be those headed by the United States, the Soviet Union and the EEC, and argued to avoid isolation Britain would to have decisively associate itself with one of the power blocs. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Boothby provided fun and glamour as well as sexual fulfilment, and for the first five years of their relationship they virtually lived together. 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