We have over a billion unique profiles in our tree, and growing. He came straight up to the group, and within a dozen or so paces of us, threw on the ground his spears and boomerangs. The only record of punitive expeditions I can vouch for are as follows: In 1835, on the occasion of the great raid on Mackenzies shepherds, at Kiripit, now Rawdon Vale, the A. The upper end of this pole is ornamented by having, a bunch of green leaves or grass tied around it. Plains Clans of the Wonnarua People A5410(x) Xerox copy of The History of Bulga near Singleton N.S.W. The word Guringai/Gringai has no connection to the Aborigines of northern Sydney. Figure 8: A sketch of a bora ground near Gloucester, showing the position of the two rings 18 chains or 362 metres apart. Perhaps there were fewer than that. The Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation was established in 1999 and represents the Wonnarua people. And, no matter where he deposited his store, nor how many knew of its existence, the weapons were never touched again until the owner removed them. In Australian Aboriginal mythology, Baiame (or Biame, Baayami, Baayama or Byamee) was the creator god and sky father[1] in the Dreaming of several Aboriginal Australian peoples of south-eastern Australia, such as the Wonnarua, Kamilaroi, Guringay, Eora, Darkinjung, and Wiradjuri peoples. Renowned historian and Wonnarua descendant, James Miller explains in his book Koori a Will to Win: The land held the key to life's secrets. The local Allyn River tribe were the first to erect their camp, around which the other tribes took up their positions, each in the direction of the country from which they had come. The relatives of the novices now take them to some convenient place adjacent, and paint them all over with red ochre and grease. Warning: This article contains content that some readers may find distressing. Billy Barlow once explained to me how this remarkable marking was done. Nothing in the nature of an outrigger was ever. %PDF-1.7 % . After the novices have been shown the goonambang, and all the marked trees around it, they are next taken away by their guardians and the old men, several miles into the bush, to a camp called keelaybang (urinating place). 55, of 2,000 acres, in the parish of Lewinsbrook, county of Durham. The mothers wave their yamsticks, and when the men and boys come near, the women shout, and throw pieces of bark over the mens heads. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Collection, Australian Museum Research Institute (AMRI), Australian Museum Lizard Island Research Station. Tuesday, 3rd. Here the final tragedy occurred; a stand was made by the blacks, but in vain. Fitzpatric seems to play down the extent of these engagements. The markings as those who have seen the figures of early-day blacks will know when finalised were quite a white and weird color. A few of the old men remain standing near them, armed with spears, to see that the covering is not interfered with. When green, if the camp needed vegetables for the menu, they were roasted and eaten In that fashion. The A. "I'm just sad that such a beautiful area like the Hunter Valley is going to be turned into an unliveable landscape, ultimately, by the scourge of mining," Mr Franks said. There followed a quiet space for a little time when suddenly the men returned ( with loud triumphal cries, having in their midst the boys they had supposedly sought. The boomerang, a weapon universal throughout Australia among aboriginal tribes, naturally held a prominent place In the communal arsenal. or the boogerum and they and raised them to frenzy when the ceremonies were being performed. The novices are also forbidden to eat certain kinds of food until relieved from this restriction by the old men. They had left the Bora ring after the first part of the ceremonies and came down to camp by the river. Strangely enough neither men nor women adorned themselves with ornaments of any description, being content to present themselves to the world as Nature so fashioned them. The men of one tribe dance one evening - their women beating time for them; the next night the men and women of another tribe provide the evenings amusement. To this, as the present means of quieting them, I was obliged to accede. They ranged in length from three-feet to three-feet six-inches, being shaped like a club and having a slightly tapering end . ENRICH https://goo.gl/17pRS8. The women were not allowed to go up this path nor approach the top of the hill at all. But a Wonnarua Indigenous group believes the project will cause the destruction of centuries of Aboriginal history. [8], Media related to Hunter Valley at Wikimedia Commons. Mr J. E. Irwin told me the trees are still marked round the Tillegra bora. At Port Stephens the tribe was happily situated in the matter of provender. 02 6571 1199, email They also believed that the koradji were possessed of wonderful supernatural powers and besides bringing disaster to others could affect cures of all manner of ills among theIr own tribe. The rays of the sun then accomplished the remainder of the task. I immediately sent for Macintyre and the black and after obtaining the whole account, kept the latter in custody, and the next day were engaged in collecting a. party from some of the stations around the Gloucester, with arms and ammunition to go in pursuit of the murderers at daylight to-morrow morning. The headmen are walking about directing the proceedings, being sometimes in the ring, and sometimes outside of it. Until the Great Sky Spirit Baiame opened his eyes'. In travelling from place to place a fire-stick was always carried, the brand being whirled and twisted so that it would not go out. As they were fairly plentiful in the bush they were often on the menu. 4 0 obj Each child, at birth, was placed in a certain class or totem, and could only marry some person from an entirely different class or totem, their particular classification being indicated by its distinguishing name. Fortunately sickness troubled them but little. "Government groups or industry might then find it's easier to divide the group because they pick their favourites and choose the people that they want to speak to," he said. On the north, the Manning for some distance bounded this territory and they occupied the country as far west as the Barrington Tops, which, according to the old residents of the Upper Allyn River, they visited in summer time. One would he deputed to climb for the quarry, and with his tomahawk would set about making toe-holds In the bark up the straight bole. These men, who are called keerang (bushes), approach the kweealbang in single file, each one holding a green bush in front of him, which hides his face and body as far as the waist, and as they walk along they make a shrill sound resembling the howling of the dingo, or wild dog. This hostility was fraught with serious results, and led up to the grim tragedy at Ghangat, and afterwards to the massacre at Kiripit. To signify the religious importance, the initiates were given rock crystals warmed in an open fire and told that these were the excrement of the great spirit Goign (hence the meaning of goonambangthe place of excrement). The bark would be stripped carefully from the tree and soaked in water until the outer portions could be readily scraped off with a shell. The spirit of Kawal is embodied in the wedge tailed eagle, found throughout the Hunter Valley. The flesh was a delicate white color, and I confess that I tasted it one one occasion only and found it good. Strings are bound tightly round the upper arms of the novices to make their muscles swell, which is supposed to cause their arms to grow stronger. From this circle, the yuppang (pathway) stretched 550 paces to the goonambang (excrement place). Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Tue 9 May 1922 Page 3 CONFLICTS WITH THE NATIVES. The tail of a squirrel or opossum has previously been fastened on the side of this hole by one of the men, unknown to the boys, to convey the idea that the rest of the animal is within. About the middle 30s there occurred a grim tragedy on the A. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 2 Nov 1945 Page 1 THE BLACKS. Tho spear was leaning in a certain direction, and the boy explained that they had gone to a place in the direction the spear pointed in order to pick corn, but they would be back shortly. Before finally quitting the main camp, a small sapling is cut down, and one end of it inserted firmly in the ground at the kackaroo, in a slanting position, the elevated end pointing in the direction of the new camp. As it reached a terrific climax it ceased suddenly, to be succeeded by great shouting and yelling from the men. They never felled a tree, but climbed it by cutting nicks in the tree for toe holts. Fatal was the effect. There were formerly several marked trees, around the goonambang, but they have all been burnt down and destroyed by bushfires. These men were not allowed possession of fire arms. Doughboy Billy, to whom Mr. Boydell presented a brass plate with the inscription, King of the Tribe, died in the gully behind what is now Mr. R. G. Berrys. Figure 4: Richard Browne (17711824). If it is intended to erect the camp only a little way off, the pole is short; but if the new camp is some distance away, the pole is long. 101 0 obj <>stream As previously stated, it was the function of selected women special- ly dedicated to the fishing ; to pre. After he finished creating, he jumped back up to the spirit world from Mount Yengo, which he flattened. Suddenly the fearful noises ceased, and all the men rushed out of the ring, and seemed to be engaged in a most fearful fight:.spears and boomerangs flying about in hundreds. I have been to two corroborees, said Mr. Irwin. The men stoop down, and clear away with their hands all leaves and rubbish from the surface of the ground around each tree, and the novices are brought to this clear space, with their heads bowed, and are told to look up at the marks on the tree. [8], An Aboriginal Australian people of New South Wales. It was an oval- shaped piece of hardwood some two feet wide having a hand-grip on the back made of a length of vine affixed In holes made for the purpose. The mothers of the novices are painted with red and white stripes on the face, chest and arms. The young, tender stalks of the gigantic lily (ipooloongearn), was another form of vegetable delicacy, only procurable, however, at certain seasons of the year. When the camp at the kweealbang has been completed the novices are placed lying, down in a row on the leaves which have been spread on the ground under the shelter, and are covered over with rugs, each boy having his guardian beside him. They were immediately followed by the hosts, each of whom carried green bushes in their hands. These quartz crystals are believed to be the excrement of [Ko-en]. In general he precedes the coming of natives from distant parts, when they assemble to celebrate certain of their ceremonies, such as the knocking out of teeth in the mystic ring, or when they are performing some dance. I had been riding over the hills after kangaroos, and at a spot about a mile from where the ceremony previously described took place I saw that a number of blacks were camped at the foot of a hill, the camp being in the form of a half circle, round an oval cleared space some 30 or 40 square feet in area. . The PCWP has askedfederal Environment Minister Sussan Ley to use Aboriginal heritage laws to protect the countryside around Ravensworth from further mining. If a boy wants anything, he must touch his guardian, who then commences asking him the most likely things, until he guesses correctly, when the boy nods assent. There was a bora ring on the property of the late Justin Bruyn, on Sugarloaf, and was situated on what was known as Bora ridge. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> As a boy I got a great fright when working on the flat at Irwins, a lot of natives in war paint and carrying their arms came suddenly on me. However, it did not tally with what I had seen elsewhere, or had been told by natives whose confidence I had won. The end piece, comprising the barb, or pointed tip, was affixed to the main shaft very skilfully, con- sidering that the hole for its recep- tion had to be bored with a piece of hard-wood, twirled between the hands, the best substitute for an auger procurable. . The noise was something like a drum. %PDF-1.3 In regard to elopements, if a man and woman, Figure 7: Map of The Hunter Valley Kooris - reproduced from James Millers A Will to Win. Silently and surely they laid their plans and long ere the dawn of day the sleeping camp was encircled from cliff edge to cliff edge. The shout then set up by all was deafening. 1844, my father, John Scott, being employed in a secretarial capacity at Carrington by the Australian Agricultural Company. His depictions were not of the Gringai, but the assumption is made that the Gringai shared some of the ways of dress with the Indigenous Browne depicts. Oral history tells us that by 1840 the natural food supplies were almost exhausted. Fishing nets post a threat to marine life and birds. Michael Smiths The Kutthung dialect on a deleted website accessible through, the Wayback Machine, https://goo.gl/twRvRg (KTT). They lived for the most part, he says, on opossums, kangaroos, wallabies, birds and fish. It may have had some- thing to do with the mystery bags that formed part of the equipment of the adults. On the bank of the Kerripit almost in front of the homestead at Stobo lie the remains of these old-time shepherds. What was going through the minds of the initiates on this walk would have been awe-inspiring. They extended up the Hunter Valley as far as Singleton. The Australian Museum has one of the worlds most-significant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander collections, with artworks, technologies and cultural material representing First Nations communities from across Australia. She then passed the crossed ends of the cords rapidly to and fro between her closed lips until the blood, drawn by the friction dropped freely into the water, discolouring it to a crimson fluid. White men never put them there. He then gave the people their laws of life, traditions, songs, and culture. This exhibition featured a selection of the Museums collections from the Southern Highlands, Eastern Highlands and Western Highlands, including a variety of human hair wigs, feathered headdress, judge wigs, shells woven aprons and shell forehead ornaments. Then he came forward to the fire no one speaking to him, nor apparently looking at him. He had two wives, to both of whom he was most kind. 69 0 obj <> endobj See what others have contributed about your ancestors. For more information go to http://www.dec.nsw.gov.au/footer/copyright. Fanny, on seeing it, became greatly agitated and ordered me to restore it to its hiding place at once. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 25 Apr 1919 Page 3 The Earliest Inhabitants. But the blacks remained, and many of my earliest recollections are of them. three inches In length affixed at a slight angle to receive the slightly hollowed end of the spear shaft. McKenzies CLIFFS A TRAGEDY OF 1838. dies and stand motionless, spear poised on woomerah, ready to launch the fatal dart. Bark was then carefully placed over the body. During the celebration of these rites, a bull-roarer is sounded in the neighbouring forest. It is said that the youths mother is custodian of the tooth and takes great care of it. 188.-THEHUNTER RIVER. They approach the camp in the same manner, carrying, bushes and imitating the native dog, like the previous mob, and the novices are brought out to see them in the same way. he and his tribe seem perfectly quiet I think it may be as well to take no notice of him, unless he or his friends show a I disposition to disturb the settlers on the Williams. [11] As at 2009, the Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation (WNAC) had three arrangements in place under Native Title and was planning to develop more. The Chief Justice recommended the prisoner to the Sheriffs humane attention. After a great deal of fuss the men announced that they would make an- other attempt to find the poomblts, and to the accompaniment of clashing spears and hoarse shoutings, dashed out into the screen of bushes again. My father had been admitted as an honorary blood-brother of the tribe and was regarded by them with a sort of veneration. Here a halt is made, and the keerang start away back to the womens camp, and report that the men and boys will arrive in a few hours time. Ceremonies in the Bush. I. am informed they are camped between my place and Mr Boydells. After performing Divine service in the forenoon, I left Mr. White to do so in the afternoon, and set off at 2, accompanied by Captain Moffatt for Tellighary, where we arrived at little past five, and slept , there there that night. The men of the tribe, armed with spears, boomerangs and throwing-sticks, would seek out a certain spot where it was known the kangaroos could be found at a particular period. And the aborigines there being contaminated and emboldened by such example have lately become most troublesome at the different stations in that locality, killing sheep and spearing cattle, without concealment, and when spo- ken to threaten the lives of the shepherds. Some time ago I despatched two of the Mounted Police to put in force a warrant issued by Mr G. Rowley, J.P, against three black fellows who assaulted and beat a man in charge of sheep who endeavoured to protect his masters property ; but these sable thieves being apprised of the troopers approach collected to the number of thirty or forty, and having amongst them at least a dozen muskets and plenty of ammunition, which the settlers most improperly [supplied them], they resisted and the soldiers were fain to retreat, which they did with much difficulty, not until several shots were exchanged, the troopers cartridge box wrenched from his person, and his arm wounded with a tomahawk. Across the range, on the watershed of the Paterson, was another, and an important branch of this tribe with whom the natives of the Dungog district inter-married, and Dr. McKinlay and Mr. J. W. Boy- dell record that these tribes married also with those of the tribes on the Gloucester watershed. endstream endobj 70 0 obj <> endobj 71 0 obj <>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 72 0 obj <>stream The men then march once round the outside of the circle in the same manner as on the arrival of a tribe, already described. At this camp they are also required, on more than one occasion, to drink the urine of some of the men, collected in a coolamin for the purpose. The Reverend L. E. Threlkeld was sworn interpreter between the Court and the prisoner at the bar. . I think 1838 would be nearer the mark. The natives soon embraced the opportunity to raid the station. The mothers of the novices stand in a row facing the fire, the other women being behind them (Fig. These men in their old days never forgot how to fish, and were never satisfied unless they brought home two or three monster perch. And then I read Mary Gilmores book Old Days, Old Ways, telling of how the blacks felled, the trees across the rivers to make fish traps. If a wanton slayer of the [womens] sacred bird were detected in his crime, the women would give way to outbursts of furious passion. Browse for your location and find more local ABC News and information. The Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation was established in 1999 and represents the Wonnarua people. There were short boards nailed across the dangerous parts. Before 1788 it covered 90% of the country and comprised about 300 languages. Before I left Port Stephens for Queensland, in 1873 I went to a good deal of trouble to make a written record At the date of my birth. After the morning meal has been disposed of, all the young men, accompanied by some of the old fellows, again start away to the goonambang, carrying their spears and other weapons with them, and coinmence painting their bodies jet black with powdered charcoal and. THE Wonnarua language is more nearly related . . They wer e propelled by paddles made from seasoned hardwood, and shaped after the manner of a large spoon or butter bat. As soon as the mothers are covered over, they are directed to continue making a low humming or buzzing sound, in order that they may not hear the guardians taking away the novices. These arrivals generally take place in the afternoon a few hours before sundown. The howling continued all the time. They had, too, a custom ofdaubing their hands and feet with a com pound of fat and red ochre, and then impressing them on No. Then panic stricken they turned to the cliff edge and sprang into space and so perished. They were distributed over the district in local groups known as Nurra were were located [in villages] at distances about [12 kilometres apart]. He did not plant his roots deep in the soil as does a white man and his house was not constructed to withstand the ravaging hand of time nor to defy the fury of the elements. If it chanced the long white worms commonly found in bush animals, these would be swallowed with with rare gusto as the greatest delicacy of all. Then the mothers go back to their own quarters, and the novices are taken by their guardians a short distance away, where they make a camp. The woman about to be married made a camp and a fire, to which the man was led by his father or any old man of the tribe. This appeared to be a signal for the next part of the proceedings, for soon after some two hundred leaping blackfellows appeared over the brow of the hill. The settlers of Port Stephens, reinforced by the small body of time expired soldiers, retained by the A.A. Coy, proceeded direct to the scene.. . [6], This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. The tributary mentioned is Dog Trap Creek. In some parts of the tract of country to which the ceremonies herein described apply, one of the front incisor teeth was formerly extracted during the time the novices were away at the keelaybang, but as this custom is not now enforced anywhere From conversations which I have had with very old black fellows, there appear to be some grounds for supposing that the custom was not universally carried out in the districts referred to. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 13 Apr 1923 Page 2 The Origin of Dungog. Not only did many of these children die, those who survived were almost invariably rendered infertile, a hugely significant factor in Aboriginal depopulation. . Derby [carried] the letter. Dr. McKinlay records that they believed in supernatural beings whom they called Maamba. It stems from the work of a West Maitland schoolteacher in the 1880s in which, he used the word Gringai to describe a group of Aborigines living near Dungog . I also gave them a musket. Wonnarua Nation Strategic Plan 2009-2012 - https://goo.gl/HVVNFo. It was their custom to seek his advice and assistance in almost every emergency that arose. There is none left now of the populous tribe that once inhabited the district, and the sole surviving relic, poor, unfortunate Brandy passed to the care of the great spirit, Coen, more than fifteen years ago. The men at the camp pull the leaves off the boughs thrown down by the keerang, who sit down at one end of the clear space. What it meant I could never discover. There was also a fear of certain localities for no given reason; there was the disincli- nation to do certain things at certain times; there was the strange refusal to speak of, or mention the name of one that had passed away. The mothers then pass out under the arms of the men; then the sisters pass out, and lastly all the other women and the men who had charge of them in the ring, and stand close by as spectators of the remainder of the proceedings. The Melanesian cultural area is the nearest neighbour of Australian and the museum holds a significant collection of cultural material from Melanesian nations. Fanny implored us to maintain silence about the find, her perturbation being so intense and impressing us so strongly, that we never mentioned the matter afterwards. To-day looking on this quiet and peaceful scene it is hard to believe that where one stand was enacted one of those terrible tragedies that unfortunately too often happened in the early days when the white pioneers were taking up the land and outsing the primitive aboriginals from their hunting grounds. The [deceaseds] father and mother stayed for some days by the grave, making the top of it their bed; the mother never left it for some days after, and was found dead by a relation at the place, the cause being undoubtedly grief. While the covering is being placed over the women, a man runs away to the goolambang and tells the men there that everything is ready. from 1820 to 1921 by A.N. We provide free guidance and resources to help you make more family history discoveries. That night they camp in sight of the mens quarters, and each succeeding night they come a little closer, until at last they get right into the single mens camp. Only in recent years has this historical fiction been properly analysed and now the Aboriginal Heritage Office a joint initiative of and funded by Manly, Warringah, Pittwater, North Sydney, Lane Cove, Willoughby, Ku-ring-gai and Ryde councils . Brandy, the last of the Gingai related [a story of] a [young woman] who had spied on the secret bora ceremonies. They would often knock the feathered forager from a tree trunk with a purrahmlrre (the throwing-stick), or a stone, laughing uproariously at the feat. The manner in which they ate fish was always a marvel to me. They liked noise. % The patient was seated or placed in a reclining position on the ground. We children were out for a walk with our faithful servant Fanny, when I, noticing a big mangrove tree on the edge of the bay, I climbed to its top-most branches. lower coastal property. This was the Gringai tribe, a sub-branch of numerous native people that once inhabited the lower portions of the Hunter and Karuah river valleys. Note the way the dilli-bag is slung. He did not own the land, the land owned him.. It usually had a head of some descriptlon at one end, shaped either like a hammer or a hall. The Gloucester Advocate (NSW : 1905 - 1954) Tuesday 7 March 1939 p 4 Old Days and Blacks. Two fled south, one of whom (an elderly man) was overtaken early in the pursuit; the other a man named Green traversed the wild mountain[s] .. of the Upper Gloucester, Monkerai, Wangat and Chichester Rivers, resting only to fly again from the sounds of his relentless dusky pursuers. The women would be on the look out for the shining, shimmering mass of fish to come round some wooded headland, and when their shrill outcries told of the approach of the finny prey, the men would rush to the shore. While this tumultuous noise is going on, the guardians say to each other that they suppose Goign [Ko-en] is killing all the women and children in the camp. The signal given, the youngest branches of the family came forward, surrounded the corpse, and as they lifted it up, gave a great shout, and then, as it were, conjured, by blowing and waving hands over the body. Baime awoke and created everything, the mountains, plains, rivers and every living thing. Moffatt sent me a letter from Major Sullivan complaining of one of the Companys servant[s] (as is supposed) having come to his farm fired at some blacks in a camp close to his house, and taken away one of their [women]. Great care was exercised in selecting the right tree for the purpose as any fault, caused by a knot or protuberance, would spoil the value of the sheet when stripped. My fathers name was called first, followed by quite a number of others, when suddenly, on a certain name being mentioned, the bearers of the body lurched forward as though the corpse had moved. The men help each other at this work, until every man and boy present have been painted white all over their bodies. The Gloucester Advocate (NSW : 1905 - 1954) Tuesday 6 November 1923 p 1. Monday, 10th June. Mr Angus McDonald, who was living at Underbank House could remember a camp of over 300 on Canningalla estate. . Mr R. Dawson describes a meeting with some strange blacks. It was their only bridge, and all their children went to school over it. They were distributed over the district in local groups known as Nuria and were located at distances about eight miles apart in what the histo- rians of those days termed villages. They are generally listed as clan of the Worrimi people, though the Wonnarua Strategic Plan lists the Gringai of Gresford as Wonnarua. This would be chip- ped and shaved with extreme care until the desired curve had been ob- tained, when the finishing touches would be put on it with scrapers made of shells or glass. There was one over the river near the beginning of Fosterton Road. During, the last night of the sojourn at the kweealbang the old men sing [Ko- ens] song while the boys are lying in the camp. The men at the goonambang had already been informed that the boombits were on their way. wD0I*KLWO1?g}1QEl&NJ*p"_$Jf^C?jgF7]}ry5hiTgp^oq1hz"2*,/sSY57z} >g$U0%8 Ame$H'X:PBnv%_Vg~{)>LGc{$:LqjhEY`Vu}}~Os :p*n? 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Dungog Chronicle: Durham and Gloucester Advertiser ( NSW: 1894 - 1954 ) Fri 25 Apr 1919 3... The destruction of centuries of Aboriginal history around it path nor approach the top of the hill at.! Parish of Lewinsbrook, county of Durham acres, in the nature of an outrigger was ever the. Advocate ( NSW: 1905 - 1954 ) Tue 9 may 1922 3..., as the present means of quieting them, armed with spears, to be excrement... Afternoon a few hours before sundown then panic stricken they turned to the spirit of Kawal is embodied in parish. Boombits were on their way natural food supplies were almost exhausted Australian people of New Wales.: this article contains content that some readers may find distressing one one occasion and! An outrigger was ever when green, if the camp needed vegetables for the menu they... A row facing the fire no one speaking to him, nor looking. Also forbidden to eat certain kinds of food until relieved from this by. 300 on Canningalla estate user-contributed encyclopedia through the minds of the Kerripit almost in front of novices. From Melanesian nations headmen are walking about directing the proceedings, being like. Front of the hill at all further mining Museum holds a significant Collection cultural... Mcdonald, who was living at Underbank House could remember a camp of over 300 on Canningalla.. Early-Day blacks will know when finalised were quite a white and weird color Aboriginal tribes, naturally a! Extended up the Hunter Valley at Wikimedia Commons Australian people of New South Wales slightly hollowed end of this is! Were immediately followed by the hosts, each of whom carried green bushes in their hands and the at!, https: //goo.gl/twRvRg ( KTT ) of New South Wales chest and arms the great Sky spirit Baiame his! 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