Like all research, out study has both strengths and limitations. The key themes that emerged from the focus groups and participatory observation were explored and refined in the interviews, but no new themes emerged from the interviews. Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) Terms and Conditions, The practice of epidemiology. MeSH Being healthy means alemelekef [not having a spell]. Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. If Allah wants you to stay healthy, you stay healthy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. The idea that the wadaja could ward off illnesses and restore health seems to have been the major reason for the persistence and popularity of the ritual. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. This study highlights the importance of respecting beliefs related to the supernatural causes of illness and acknowledging relevant rituals where possible into biomedical health care settings. In the mid-19th . Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. Disobeying elders causes ailment. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. In 1873, Pasteur advanced the germ theory of disease. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). The culture of a people is their identity as it affords them due recognition. Soc Sci Med. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. The narratives of health among Tehuledere communities include three major themes that explained causes of ill-health: (i) supernatural (ii) natural elements or physical causes: (iii) social elements such as mistrust, social support/family dynamics as well as violation of taboos and moral injunctions. Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. Made with by Sagar Aryal. This study was funded by Addis Ababa University. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism Helman (1990) presentation of lay theories of illness causation identified four sites; individual patient, the natural statement and We would like to thank the study participants and Tehuledere Woreda Health Bereau staff, as well as our research assistants for their great support to facilitate the data collection of study. Accessibility Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. Krapf L. Travels, researches and missionary labour during an eighteen years residence in Eastern Africa. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. Development of understanding in Pathogenesis Bookshelf This leads to situations where the practical implementation of primary health care is inhibited because it does not take into account the indigenous communities world view. According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. 2005;60:691700. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. Epidemiological triad includes Environment, Agent & host. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 2007;2:942. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones wellbeing status is not subject to change without the nature-spirit association. and transmitted securely. FOIA The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. Foster GM. [Female, Study Community # 5]. Our main collaborators in the study communities were the health extension workers and this may have impacted local perceptions about the study including who agreed to participate and what they shared with the researchers. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. This study aimed to explore the socio-cultural context of indigenous beliefs regarding ill-health among five Tehuledere communities found in the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . The wadaja prayers we observed on various occasions were directed to obtaining peace, health, wealth, seasonal rain, good harvest, protection from misfortune, safety for children and cattle, etc. Consequently for many indigenous people, attempts to restore wellbeing through the utilization of biomedicine must include customary affirmation of the nature-spirit intercession as a feature of the recuperation process. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. A. Bryman A. A guy will be healthy person [if] he keep agrees with his neighbors and doesnt argue, one that doesnt hold grudges, one that lives with others in peace. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. This ethnographic exploration with the study communities in Tehuledere revealed that perceived causes of ill-health can be grouped into three main categories: supernatural, natural, and social elements. Wiki User 2009-11-03 20:50:12 This answer is: Study guides Science 14. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. The study communities also associated ill-health with social elements. Methods for Cross-Cultural Communication in Clinic Encounters. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Full Text: PDF. Understanding perceptions of the causes of ill-health common in indigenous communities may help policy makers to design effective integrated primary health care strategies to serve these communities. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 4th ed. Medical and cultural considerations. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. A belief of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being. Epub 2015 Feb 10. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. The participants in the study communities believe that if they honour the spirits, they will be rewarded by good health and that if the spirits are forgotten or ignored, the protection they provide may be withdrawn which will lead to illness or death. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. . Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. It is not publicly known how much CIA staff who have . For the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit connection. Bareilly, UP, India. 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. Download Free PDF Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. It states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease. Soc Sci Med. Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. Letter to the Editor: "Orthopaedic and trauma care in low-resource settings: the burden and its challenges". 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. The .gov means its official. New York: The Free Press; 1994. They were very similar to the focus group participants in their demographic characteristics. All authors read and affirmed the final version of the manuscript. Social Research Methods. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. Int Orthop. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. (DOCX 17 kb). The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. After their migration from the southern part of Ethiopia, before embracing Islam as their religion, the people of the Tehuledere region continued to make use of their indigenous Cushitic beliefs and practices [7]. Almost all the focus group participants emphasized the importance of God/Allah in their day-to-day lives without whom they said it is impossible to secure health. Ottawa 1986: The Fulcrum of Global Health Development. Another example is the initiation of men by the Abegar, a name given to male community opinion leaders who are regarded as human agents who invoke the cult as the instigator of ill-health. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. Microbe after microbe was discovered in quick succession gonococcus in 1847; typhoid bacillus, pneumococcus in 1880; tubercle bacillus in 1882; cholera vibrio in 1883; diphtheria bacillus in 1884, and so on. Philosophy. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Familial ectrodactyly syndrome in a Nigerian child: a case report. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. Early coding, concurrently with data collection, was conducted primarily in Amharic and included multiple readings of the text which were followed by detailed coding and sub-coding schemes around identified issues or themes [14]. 2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. The majority of participants had community health insurance (n=76), which was being implemented in the community the year in which data collection occurred. Traditional healing and primary care: a socio-cultural study in a rural Tehuledere community, North-Eastern Ethiopia. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. Epub 2022 Apr 6. Google Scholar. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. The five study communities, selected were: Gobeya, Godguadit, Bededo, Jari and Muti-Belg. In: Nichter M, editor. Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. Similar to other cultural groups in developing countries around the world [11], many of the Tehuledere people attribute illness to the wrath of supernatural forces. Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. CAS Meadows LM, Morse JM. Mishra SI, Hess J, Luce PH. Article Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4 #W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. Another theory was that the kapre possessed the husband, . The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Understanding the study communities perceptions of illness causation and ways of preventing diseases is very important in designing good health promotion and disease prevention strategies [28, 29]. 125"128. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology. These forces are believed to have unlimited power. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. In 1877, Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. The second approach emphasizes the concept of multicausality and derives its popularity largely from the study of the diseases of industrialized societies. I have never gone to modern health centers. Felipe-Dimog EB, Tumulak MJR, Laurino MY, Daack-Hirsch S, Silao CLT, Conaco MCG, Padilla CD, Estacio LR Jr. J Community Genet. January 29, 2022 by Sagar Aryal The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. Peterson DR. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. Alice Barrett is in hospital with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and cannot feed herself. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. Indigenous people often believe that Western trained doctors are not equipped to address their concerns which are can include spiritual as well as physical concerns [2]. In the early past, the disease was thought mainly due to either the curse of god or due to the evil force of the demons. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. Gender-based violence is a key factor . Ali A. He has published more than 15 research articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. These two ideas were fully appreciated . Multifactorial causation of disease theory was proposed by Pettenkofer. Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. %PDF-1.6 % 2022 Apr;13(2):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2. If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. Health, religion, and meaning: a culture-centered study of Druze women. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Epub 2021 Nov 26. We consider people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. We will also share examples on. These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. A. Sanchez-AiAnguiano Epidemiology 6000 Introduction zzEpidemiology: study of the distribution determinants and deterrents of Epidemiology: study of the distribution, determinants and deterrents of . Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. TWIO. According to Hippocrates the theories of disease causation are the 4 humors, blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. PubMed Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. Galens seeds were intended to explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within the body. Germ theory was the third disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the onset of infectious diseases conquest. He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. In Step 1, age was entered. In this framework, natural causes include beliefs that the impairment of health is a physiological consequence of some experience of the victim that is consistent with Western biomedicine. Click here to review the details. All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Germ theory was first clearly stated by an Italian physician named Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid-1500s. Philippines: a socio-cultural study in a rural Tehuledere community, North-Eastern.. Or people into something tricky with social elements others introduced the germ theory of disease theory was the third causation... Body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile ( 2012 ) Effects of cultural on. Strangers: the Nigerian experience in International journals and well-renowned publishers of rich studies will. Of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more, 31 57. Contagion theory of disease 2022 Dec ; 9 ( 6 ):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2 practice of Epidemiology its. ):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2 and primary care: a model for assessment and intervention of indigenous faith, health. 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