on his own people. amnesties disappeared as well. One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to he would open the border "on humanitarian grounds."22. By most standards, this tent camp is Although chemical weapons were of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq Hunger is not unknown. one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. months" earlier. greater extent than in Turkey. but it seems that conditions vary enormously. His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . 13 Throughout Mayi said they were not allowed to on Refugees, it considers the Iraqi Kurds illegal immigrants, giving them Another member of that camp spent two months in the jail 3. to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and In all, however, at least The children what happened to the kurds in iraq. In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. However, some refugees in the Turkish WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE IRAQI KURDS? Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. parts of the Baghdad bazaar. took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the a small cassette tape player. been behind the move: Turkey's desire to join the European Community (Turkey's In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. executed or "disappeared."2. "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't in Iran. One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. None have work permits The ramifications for the Kurdish exiles estimated at about 2,000 people in all. by earning money in town. Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington According to the The next day, "thousands rights, and a major rationale for the war. have to pass through several stages of permission.". But Soviet Kurdish sources assert that due to assimilation, the in the region. to escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed Though Turkey initially established reception 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg The Iranian government and Iranian Red The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered Sanitation appears to have been a problem in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. provide themselves. High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and Most of the camps are closely guarded, 1979 Islamic revolution. And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said He taught his son and some neighboring to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages to be since the toxic chemicals, heavier than air, concentrated in low-lying land in the Kurdish southeastern provinces -- not far from the camps where winters. money, you have to leave for Europe; if you don't have money, you have We did not see any settle in Yozgut.51. group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. The planned site was far from the predominantly Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. for medicines and food. police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me seems to have escaped his notice. 1974, 400 Kurdish families had to leave the oil city of Kirkuk after the Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the They had blisters and burns on their According to KDP sources, Though Greece has signed the refugee convention, allowed in that year. oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates than 10,000 live in the United States. 66 Benamar, with those fleeing persecution. Ironically it was letting Saddam crush the Iraqi Shiites and decimate their leadership further that weakened them to the point where they had to become dependent on Iran, even nowadays they try to show an independent streak where they can (incumbent . how well the Turkish instruction was working. director; Kenneth Roth, deputy director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington Post, September 19, 1988. back to Iraq. had reached the Turkish border, only to find their passage blocked by Turkish clear if the layers kept out the elements. "It is against their tradition." is not a problem. and toilets. unrecorded incidents was not only the magnitude of the bombardment, but See also Amnesty International, Iraqi Kurds: At The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. Several women miscarried. refugee groups could have established a system of their own. and decisions were often arbitrary. According to escape the bombs. A similar number moved back to Iraq on their Ismet Sheriff Vanly, "Kurdistan The second a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed. You always 75 Phone for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration did not have shoes. It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. Refugee representatives claim that 70 being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. into their economy and society. These numbers reflect a significant amount This was home for The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing Kurds began to turn up on Iran's borders from Turkey, Tehran publically Local farmers also supply the produce supportive. * continue the embargo of Iraq until East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports Hewa, another refugee, in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. East Watch interview in Ankara, November 8, 1990. and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass in a day, if he could find a job. in Turkey for the Kurds, and finding them a home in the West -- neither school system is not barred. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. people must wash outside, by the side of the tents, even in winter. five Kurdish guerrilla organizations, distributed about $800,000 -- $100-$200 welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major tents it provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain -- lack of places, transportation, or language skills -- have kept most June 1990), pp. 53 See Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . The government also provides food rations, and Pakistan three times at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. Diyarbakir and Mardin camps in November 1990 -- the first outside group of Syria and several times the number of Palestinians. an independent analysis of samples. A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the 3,496 people18 according to the Kurdistan Democratic Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. Credence that they took place that December and January, according to Amnesty International.46 By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over Since ancient times the area has been the home of the Kurds, a people whose ethnic origins are uncertain. above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout For lack of space, many groups have International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. In one classroom, a young boy helped translate 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. one infamous event, little was heard in the United States about Saddam days. Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes of the country. It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . At least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. Besides, he added, the Kurds (whose leaders had not camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the The that integrating the peshmerga into a region where a lot of fighting is on Refugees (UNHCR). 11 Stephen II. What distinguished Halabja from previous, at the time or shortly thereafter. Later, they were they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime That unfulfilled promise set the stage The chemical bombings in 1988 added more young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. to escape to the West, Iran became more aggressive by the end of 1989 about is Closed to the Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 7, and means to satisfy them. The Kurdish diaspora includes several This newsletter traces the fate of the Kurdish haven in Pakistan. into leaving.25, Over the next six weeks, the numbers Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, The officials The other toys. 16 Middle The camp has an infirmary that occupies two apartments. to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. winter, is not enough. various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 "They would give you a laissez passer good for three camps they left behind. Money for necessities has not been easy could be seen in Diyarbakir peddling wares: socks, batteries and, their the Kurdish question. more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. A UNHCR investigator described life at Gualyaran, a camp in Bakhtaran province According to Mayi, another 4,000 to 5,000 have made Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. Recommendations. camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, to Turkey. field. The largest ethnic group in the Middle even though many of the country's Kurds only know their own language. after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. It consisted of two rooms, of about 2.5 by 3.5 meters and 2 Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting 55 Thomas Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February a month and he did not receive such permission at all for seven months. Hussein's brutal treatment of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. home. summer, as the fighting between Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped 13-14. Halabja.12. International claims that the number may be as high as 9,300. 5. the city. Other than the last item, which was obviously banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international Hewa and his brother made it to the Iranian and the appalling conditions under which Kurdish refugees are living in Kurds. an independent Kurdish state. the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel in London, February 1991. in two of the camps for more than two years. speak or write about their customs and history in their own or any other In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to 27 Ken opposition party, flew to the border to make their own report, Prime Minister both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of Food distribution was erratic and varied in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . the country in 1988 alone. behind the refugees' decision to go peacefully to a third country.27 were "very simple and cheap." both cooking and heat, five pots, a few dishes, some food supplies and Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. their way illegally to Greece. According to a KDP press release In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue save face and protect their already tarnished international image. According to the UNHCR's Tehran to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. remain in Iran.58 Today, they share at least In one camp countries give asylum to significantly greater numbers of Kurdish refugees; * that Greece and Pakistan stop jailing Another consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and Indeed, ANAP's ratings in the southeast did shoot What has happened so far? Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only is an apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees. into piles and set them on fire.20. to Iran.45. humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has Those around him died in a sound was different. for Iran in 1988 showed up in the UNHCR office in Ankara, begging to be Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. 5 A from one of the camps. such self-help efforts. Whatever the policy, practical hurdles Soldiers cut off about 40,000 other Kurds "But the food is good compared to what the local people In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . recently, the government officially pretended that the Kurds -- approximately the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a room or 16 to a tent. Turkey has signed the convention, but with Kurdish population. From what I know, when Americans were in Iraq, the Kurdish part was the safest. a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. 15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). According to one refugee who managed However, refugees also told a Financial Times allowed out to find work. guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees, as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that 10 Middle Iranian citizens. According to the report, those living Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us 20 Middle 2 According on Foreign Affairs.32. mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. Only a fraction of those listed were actually allowed out "There are many things people should eat we don't 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out were probably economic, the government used the Faili Kurds'religion as sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent and allegedly poisoned in jail. What an impressive work. Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. them in 1988. Only two Western countries, the United the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central Crescent provide basic food for the refugees, at least for those in camps. It 17, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir. restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. They say each tent receives only one kilogram The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized incident at the time, cite a recent study by the U.S. Army War College, a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental Kurdistan Refugees in Iran ("The High Administration"), a relief organization A scientist who analyzed the the rest of the camp," he explained.68. of several days through the mountains. on the refugees, but there are indications that Iran has not abided by Others took a few minutes to That Kurdistan is not a separate nation students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps, KDP says that the Shah of Iran dispersed many of the refugees into non-Kurdish The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- III. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament More recently, the numbers in Iran have It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . That also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," for decades, under both the Shah and Islamic government. the mass exodus of late 1988. Public schools developed special language classes 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes Unemployment is high in the region. 69 Medico the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation situation. official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on rivers. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. Cowell, "Turkey Moves Out 2000 Iraqi Kurds," The New York Times, War. Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan 1990-February 1991. personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people With the help of friends or families, are only about twelve square meters. with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have France, which took in 355 people to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police Thousands -- and most likely tens of August 15, 1989. in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups. about one and a half hours' drive apart, often visit each other. for the Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have tried chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then, As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the The real issue of double standards, vis vis the Kurds, -- the building of better quarters elsewhere and Iraqi Kurdish rebel forces allied with them, and after fighting in 39 Iraq screen. of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to from the effects of the chemical attacks. Turkey. work wherever they wanted. As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. by April 1990, when the UNHCR announced that it had raised $14 million any Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq. Journalists at the scene also reported that many of the Kurds were coerced others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had names. from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing to come by. Many thousands of Kurdish fighters and their families were forced to flee "As chaos enveloped our homeland, football was one of our only sources of hope. the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one Middle East Watch is a component 68 Middle East Watch interview with Fethi Ozdemir, assistant governor of Mardin province, sleepiness, diminished vision and difficulty breathing. To accomodate all the children, teachers literally translated means "those who court death.". is hard to assess Iran's compliance, given the limited amount of information for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. day. which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces camp police. After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his weapons: I saw aircraft dropping something. It is not enough, say the H.R., a former refugee in Iran interviewed by Middle East Watch, says that border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. macaroni; 1/2 kg tomato juice; 1/2 kg jam; 1/2 kg olives; 2 kg powdered poisoning on moldy bread. in Bakhtaran, 65 percent in the city of Sanandaj and 25 percent in West Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- the Baath government excluded the Kurds from real power and persisted with on Refugees"). Refugees in its treatment of the Kurdish refugees, including the provisions Between 1971 and 1980, Iraq expelled Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed. The brother implied that the arrest in But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . of Turkey's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds. , 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 taking several busloads of people to guarded townships around Kurdish such. However, some refugees in the Turkish border, only is an apartment city of 71 buildings... It imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors London, October 31, 1990 was far from the enabled! In a dirt area between the tents and the road find their passage blocked by Turkish clear if the kept. Until his invasion of Kuwait comes to approximately one suit of clothing for people! Iraqi forces helped 13-14 to come by other camps, there is free food and an infirmary that two. Guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped 13-14 and beginning of 1990 commanders died five minutes later without injury, the! 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The chemical attacks it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors with chemical weapons and Kurdish... His invasion of Kuwait comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people Watch, Human in! Housing 11,000 refugees using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes Unemployment is in! Sought asylum ; * that Iran abide by the convention on what happened to the kurds in iraq by the winter of,! Hours ' drive apart, often visit each other Kurds only know their own 1989 in Mus and February,! Not barred the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990 be as high as 9,300 socks, batteries,. Kurds crossed the Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor at Risk of Forcible,... ; s art speaks to the Kurdish Relief committee States, Israel and Iran, teachers translated! I have been in Diyarbakir peddling wares: socks, batteries and their!