. Alternatively, McCarter, I Samuel, 60 n.9, suggests that the details of Elis first appearance may imply his watchful care over all temple matters. . Making sense of the rhetorical, poetic, and structural features of a scriptural text necessitates in-depth and attentive reading, the benefits of which can be enhanced by these additional interpretive skills. 1 Samuel 3:416; Genesis 22:1. Updates? I pray thee hide it not from me: God do so to thee, and more also, if thou hide any thing from me of all the things that he said unto thee. In 1 Samuel 13 alone, the Hebrew conjunction waw, translated and, appears more than 160times.34 The pattern and frequency of use of this conjunction imply that the narrator consciously employs it to integrate a series of increasingly significant, forward-moving events. Background: Preterm birth continues to be a leading cause of death for children under the age of 5 globally. Insightful analyses of the lives of these three exemplary women are found in Sternberg, Poetics, 13152 (Rebekah); and Alter, Art, 512 (Tamar) and 5860 (Ruth). He was to warn them to repent and believe in the Savior. Rising from humble beginnings, Adams played frontline roles in sparking the Revolutionary Wars against the Regarding Sarah, the paragon in this set of related character types, Alter, Moses, 101 n.18, explicates the exquisite craftsmanship of the relevant passage in Genesis that immediately precedes Isaacs birth. Political Accomplishments of Samuel Adams. am I not better to thee than ten sons? And the word of Samuel came to all Israel. And they went unto their own home. An earlier version of this article was presented to the Society of Biblical Literature, San Diego, Calif., November 2225, 2014. However, nearly every specific detail of introduction is marginal to the larger history of Israel in the Holy Land. Now the sons of Eli were sons of Belial; they knew not the Lord. For this child I prayed; and the Lord hath given me my petition which I asked of him: Therefore also I have lent him to the Lord; as long as he liveth he shall be lent to the Lord. By contrast, on the night of Samuels divine call, Eli specifically and emphatically directs the lad on how to respond to the voice of the Lord, thus setting the expectation of a follow-up report to the priest. This usage introduces another meaningful connotation of the verb, shakab, in relation to yada (know). It is quite unlikely that either the powers of the king or the prerogatives of the priest were as closely defined as this in the early period. And he went and lay down. Genealogy.15 Consistent with the convention of genealogies throughout the Hebrew Bible, the brief genealogy that launches the story of Samuels birth identifies Samuels ancestors as Ephraimites,16 distinguishes the account from the long but unremarkable reign of the judges, and introduces the auspicious but problematic reign of the kings in ancient Israel. They that were full have hired out themselves for bread; and they that were hungry ceased: so that the barren hath born seven; and she that hath many children is waxed feeble. Not in Heaven: Coherence and Complexity in Biblical Narrative (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); and Robert Alter, The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary (New York: W.W. Norton, 2004), ixxlviii, among many others. 53. Although Polzin makes a strong case that the Samuel story is a parable on kingship in Israel, the present perspective suggests that particular social forms are not as central to the biblical narrative as what might be called the order of God. From Genesis through Kings, JHWH seems willing and ready to accept and work with a wide variety of religious and political leaderspatriarchs, priests, prophets, judges, and kingsprovided they remain faithful to his direction, counsel, and covenants. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). And they rose up in the morning early, and worshipped before the Lord, and returned, and came to their house to Ramah: and Elkanah knew Hannah his wife; and the Lord remembered her. Because of the cultural significance of their contrast in maternal status, Peninnah had become Hannahs adversary and persistently provoked her sore. These detailsthe preferred but barren wife and her jealous sister wifeevoke positive comparisons between Hannah and Israels grand matriarchs Sarah, Rebekah, and Rachel.21 This type scene also encourages attentive readers to anticipate that Hannah, like her matriarchal models, will also eventually conceive and bear a remarkable child through the miraculous intervention ofGod. WebWhat was significant about the birth and childhood of Samuel? They were not divided into two books until the Old Testament was translated into Greek. WebThere, the prophet Samuel is born to a previously barren woman, and he is dedicated from a young age to serve in the Temple. Prior to Samuels birth, Hannah promises to give him to the Lord (1:11). Samsons and Samuels Nazerite consecrations effectively bring their respective ministries into sharp contrast: Samson turns from his sacred vow, resulting in much destruction among the covenant people; however, through his own faithful ministry, Samuel strengthens and unifies all Israel.33, Customary Behavior: Seeing and Hearing, Eating and Drinking, and Fasting. And Samuel grew, and the Lord was with him, and did let none of his words fall to the ground. Given the customary role for dialogue in biblical Hebrew, it is entirely appropriate that the second half of the Samuel story (2:274:1a) is recounted almost exclusively in dialogue. Polzin, Samuel, 19. While Hannah is identified as the preferred of Elkanahs two wives, the account repeats three times that she has no children, a major source of shame for women in biblical Israel.20 This characterization also identifies the accounts first dramatic tension: that between Elkanahs preferred but barren wife and her co-wife Peninnah, who had given Elkanah multiple sons and daughters. 9. Perhaps embarrassed by his hasty action and complete misjudgment, Eli quickly reverses himself and offers Hannah a blanket blessing, while remaining seemingly unaware of the specific purpose of her supplication.26. 49. Given the expressive nature of Hannahs song, the number seven in this line likely implies many, as it does elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, thereby enhancing the parallelism with the following line and the implied application to Hannahs situation. On cue the next morning, Eli repeatedly demands that his protg share the details of his encounter with God. Berlin, Parallelism, 2; see also the extensive and insightful treatment of the use of repetition in Sternberg, Poetics, 365440), which range in scope from the lexical (correspondences between individual words and phrases) to the structural (correspondences between major segments of the text). Therefore Eli said unto Samuel, Go, lie down: and it shall be, if he call thee, that thou shalt say, Speak, Lord; for thy servant heareth. Rather than accepting her husbands invitation that she privilege her spousal role and enjoy its intended personal benefits (the worthy portion), Hannah chooses instead to focus on her maternal role: nurturing Samuel at home while he remains dependent on her for life and sustenance. While we cannot be sure that the author crafted the Samuel story with such comparisons consciously in mind, the repeated inferred connections with other exemplary vignettes increase the probability of their intentionality. From the simplest and most direct perspective, the story of Samuels birth and calling can be best understood in covenant terms. David Pellauer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), xi. The central thesis of this study is that the literary craftsmanship of this account focuses the readers attention on JHWHs abiding covenant with biblical Israel. By faithfully filling the crucial roles of prophet, priest, and judge, Samuel helped to transform the House of Israel from a collection of weak and often warring tribes to a relatively permanent and somewhat stable nation in the contentious ancient Middle East. As crafted, the story focuses on Hannahs compelling spiritual need, which drives her to the temple, fasting in bitterness of soul. In her private devotion, Hannah neither undercuts her husbands patriarchal authority nor repudiates his ritual status in the family. 68. Samuel, whose name means heard of God, was dedicated to God by his mother, Hannah, as part of a vow she made before he was born (1 Samuel 1:11). PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) is one of the most severe mental health issues from parental neglect or abuse during childhood. 1. Samuels prophecy reinforces much of what the man of God earlier says to Eli but does not repeat any of his specific words and phrases or hint at Samuels awareness of his existence or message. In fact, it places her within a small but crucial cadre of womenmost notably Rebekah, Tamar, and Ruthwhose own unprecedented spiritual initiatives eventually and distinctively transform biblical Israel.24 Traditional readers of the Samuel story would have recognized the intended craftsmanship of the text for this exceptional interpretive purpose. 63. However, in the Hebrew Bible, lay/lie with does not always connote illicit sexual relations, for example, Genesis 30:16, and know does not always imply legitimate and covenantal sexual relations, for example, Judges 19:25. But Samuel continued to grow in stature and in favor with the LORD and with people. (1 Samuel 2:26). Samuel was a Lamanite. Alter, Moses, 96 n. 32, suggests the verb shakab approximates the meaning of rape when used in the context of sexual relations. Leitwrter: establish and cut off. Meanwhile, the boy Samuel continued to grow, and the LORD was constantly with him. On the art of gap-filling by biblical narrators, see Sternberg, Poetics, 186229. He is the spokesman of Yahweh in the election both of Saul and of David. Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. Reflecting the intimacy of Samuels first encounter with God and its profound effect, this segment of the story is recounted primarily as dialogue. As a result, identifying the literary conventions of a given text and imagining their interpretive significance enable readers to approximate the intent(s) of its author(s), especially if the conventions can be shown to combine with one another in order to fashion of the text a coherent and meaningful whole.8. The institution of kingship comes not from divine revelation but from the request of the elders of Israel, and this request is treated by Samuel as rebellion against Yahweh. (1:18). God gifted Samson with incredible strength, but he lost his strength when Delilah betrayed him to the Philistines, who blinded and enslaved him. . am I not better to thee than ten sons? Rather than consoling his wife, this speech reveals Elkanahs emotional alienation from Hannahs soul-deep crisis. . Therefore, while intended as an expression of generosity, the offering reveals Elkanahs insensitivity, at the very least, to the storys central crisis and may actually be insulting to Hannah. On the other hand, focused perspectives, which Alter collectively calls dialogue, reveal individual character, illustrate social roles and relationships, and detail specific events and their meaningful consequences. Hannahs song of exultation on an auspicious occasion elicits positive comparison with Moses, Miriam, and David in the Hebrew Bible (Exodus 15, Deuteronomy 3132, 2 Samuel 22) and Zacharias, Mary, and Simeon in the Christian Bible (Luke 12).50, And Elkanah went to Ramah to his house. 1. Customary Behavior: Hearing and Seeing. Characterization: Priest and Suppliant. Corrections? WebSamuel Slater (June 9, 1768 April 21, 1835) was an early English-American industrialist known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution", a phrase coined by Andrew Jackson, and the "Father of the American Factory System".In the United Kingdom, he was called "Slater the Traitor" and "Sam the Slate" because he brought British textile George Washington's Family. In the Samuel story, the narrator uses the verb amen, translated establish, in order to prefigure Samuels auspicious priestly career in the voice of his faithful fatheronly the Lord establish his word (1:23)and to launch Samuels public ministry at the storys climax: And all Israel from Dan even to Beer-sheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the Lord. The Hebrew verb has strong ritual, symbolic, and covenantal connotations, suggesting that: Establish in these contexts provides a categorical contrast with verbs repeated by the man of God in his condemnation of the house of Eli. Information about Samuel is contained in The First Book of Samuel (called in the Roman Catholic canon The First Book of Kings). This response is identical to Abrahams willing acceptance of the Lords calling at the patriarchs great test of faith.67. And as he did so year by year, when she went up to the house of the Lord, so she provoked her; therefore she wept, and did not eat. Flashbacks of the WebSamuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 April 21, 1910), known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer.He was praised as the "greatest humorist the United States has produced", and William Faulkner called him "the father of American literature". Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 5. Possible extrinsic reasons for the placement of Hannahs song within the narrative are found in Weitzman, Song, 11415. He then faded into the background, appearing at the sanctuary of Naioth (chapter 19). On the other hand, Elkanahs worthy portion offering to Hannah seems to be a principal source of the dramatic tension between Hannah and Peninnah, discussed above, and between Elkanah and Hannah that is expressed in Elkanahs first direct speech, discussed below. Recurrent literary conventions that form the interpretive fabric of this account include parallelism,9 characterization,10 key words (Leitwrter),11 type scenes,12 patterns of customary behavior,13 and structuring devices like Sternbergs play of perspective.14 The dynamic and complementary interplay of these conventions throughout the text increases the drama, engagement, meaning, and pleasure of the reading experience. And the Lord called yet again, Samuel. 39. (2:2736; 3:1118). If one man sin against another, the judge shall judge him: but if a man sin against the Lord, who shall entreat for him? 29. 60. They that were full have hired out themselves for bread (2:5) anticipates Gods curse of Elis house, discussed below, in part because Elis sons and perhaps Eli himself had abused the sacrificial offering to satisfy their gluttony. Regardless of her initial vow, following his birth she cannot not be his mother; that is, she cannot give him up in the usual senses of the verb.43 Attempting to do so would be a repudiation of her sacred maternal role. Contextual studies focus on the historical accuracy or the doctrinal relevance of the scriptures in an attempt to address the questions, Where did they come from? and What do they mean to me? The present approach does not disparage a contextual approach to the scriptures. The prevailing view of biblical scholars is that the account of Samuels life and ministry took final shape centuries after the events it depicts and was likely the work of more than one author/editor/redactor. While this curse represents the single most extended direct speech in 1 Samuel 13, the precise interaction between the man of God and his Master is completely omitted from the story. Literary scholars generally recognize that biblical writers developed their characters in fundamentally different ways than most modern writers. This tradition has two questionable features: Samuel is the only judge who is a permanent magistrate as well as a military leader, and his conclusive victory over the Philistines in chapter 7 cannot be historical, since it is contradicted by the subsequent military exploits of Saul and David. See Alter, Moses, 77 n.2; 131 nn. PTSD symptoms can include: Frequent nightmares. And the child did minister unto the Lord before Eli the priest. His story in the Bible began with a barren woman, Hannah, praying to God for a child. The Bible says "the Lord remembered her," and she became pregnant. She named the baby Samuel, which in Hebrew means "the Lord hears" or "the name of God." When the boy was weaned, Hannah presented him to God at Shiloh, in the care of Eli the high priest . We are present only for his encounter with the priest. . And she said, O my lord, as thy soul liveth, my lord, Iam the woman that stood by thee here, praying unto the Lord. put away thy wine from thee. Characterization: Husband and Wife. 16. Reflecting on this complex and somewhat foreign (to modern readers) convention, Sternberg recognizes the challenge: Reading a character becomes a process of discovery, attended by all the biblical hallmarks: progressive reconstruction, tentative closure of discontinuities, frequent and sometimes painful reshaping in the face of the unexpected, and intractable pockets of darkness to the very end. Sternberg, Poetics, 32324. James Limburg, Psalms, Book of, in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. Ancient Eli is almost a tragicomic figure. Therefore, it is important to utilize available data to further research and understand the risk factors for preterm death. Moreover, Polzin acknowledges the complementarity of all direct speeches in a particular story, regardless of the identity of the speaker. Direct speech is made the chief instrument for revealing the varied and at times nuanced relations of the personages to the actions in which they are implicated. Alter, Art, 66. On the progressive contrast of Elis sons with Hannahs firstborn, see McCarter, I Samuel, 7785. Before Samuel's time, a prophet was called a "seer." See, for example, McCarter, ISamuel, 1214; Richard R. Losch, All the People in the Bible: An AZ Guide to the Saints, Scoundrels, and Other Characters in Scripture (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2008), 36870. The same Hebrew root is translated faithful in the prophecy associated with Gods curse upon Elis house: Iwill raise up a faithful priest, that shall do according to that which is in mine heart and in my mind (2:35), suggesting that the author considers Samuel to be the promised priest, who shall walk before mine anointed forever. See also TDOT, 1:296. The present study acknowledges but does not address the numerous historiographical issues related to 1 Samuel 13. 61. Once Hannah becomes a mother in fact, her role vis--vis Samuel is considerably more profound. To keep readers focused on the storys central purpose, the narrator adds a bit of narrative commentary on Samuels faithful service before and after each vignette (2:11b, 18, 21b, 26). and why eatest thou not? In stark contrast with Elis general neglect of his sons, in spite of their physical and functional proximity, the narrator specifically mentions Hannahs continued watch care over her first born, in spite of their physical and functional distance.54 Punctuating the vignettes that contrast the faithfulness of Eli and Hannah, the narrator comments on Samuels progressively auspicious service at the temple, reinforcing the intended contrast between old and new priest.55 While not a prerequisite for Samuels ascension, Elis fall serves as a foil for it.56, Leitwrter: give and lend. The Bible tells of many significant adults, but only a handful of significant pregnancies. (19-20) Samuels miraculous conception and his birth. The first consists of a set of rapid-fire rhetorical questions ostensibly intended to comfort his then-barren and bereft wife, Why weepest thou? And he said, I called not; lie down again. Shes a mom! My heart rejoiceth in the Lord, mine horn is exalted in the Lord: my mouth is enlarged over mine enemies; because I rejoice in thy salvation. The Hebrew verb describing the union that results in Hannahs miraculous conception is yada, translated knew. The bows of the mighty men are broken, and they that stumbled are girded with strength. The present study illustrates the extent to which the authors, editors, and redactors of 1Samuel13 employed in a systematic and complementary manner a variety of literary conventions for a central ideological endshowing Gods commitment to preserve his ancient covenant with Israel, even at inopportune times and through obscure persons. There are also two different accounts of the rejection of Saul by Samuel. Samuels principal role is to realize his divine destiny for all Israel (3:14:1a). Following his birth, when time comes to make good on her vow, the account consistently shifts the verb from nathan (give) to shael, translated lend (1:20, 2728; 2:20). Couplets are perhaps the most ubiquitous form of parallelism in the Hebrew Bible, considered to be as distinctive of Hebrew poetry as meter and rhyming are in Western poetic traditions. Although Samuel Sharpe was a slave throughout his life, he was allowed to become well-educated. The first seven verses of the introduction consist of what Alter calls narrativedescriptive details that locate the story within the broader temporal, spatial, social, and spiritual context of biblical Israel. Together, these structural and rhetorical conventions of exposition provide evidence of the independence of the prophetic history of the rise of kingship that begins with the story of Samuel.19 They also signal that the remarkable outcome of the story could have been orchestrated by no one but JHWH. For example, Alter (Art, 84) and Simon (Prophetic Narratives, 15) offer astute comments on eating and drinking in 1Samuel1. Wherefore it came to pass, when the time was come about after Hannah had conceived, that she bare a son, and called his name Samuel, saying, Because I have asked him of the Lord. Wherefore the sin of the young men was very great before the Lord: for men abhorred the offering of the Lord. And all Israel from Dan even to Beer-sheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the Lord. Also before they burnt the fat, the priests servant came, and said to the man that sacrificed, Give flesh to roast for the priest; for he will not have sodden flesh of thee, but raw. Consider, however, the use of paqad in the promised and miraculous birth of Isaac in Genesis 21:12. The Hebrew Bible exemplifies many different types of parallelismtoo numerous and complex to summarize here. : Hendrickson Publishers, 1996). 11. 14. The pathways involved in the development of metabolic dysfunction across generations in the context of childhood So Samuel went and lay down in his place. And Elkanah her husband said unto her, Do what seemeth thee good; tarry until thou hast weaned him; only the Lord establish his word. Customary Behavior: Eating, Drinking, and Fasting. Structuring Devices: Exposition.The first seven verses of the introduction consist of what Alter calls narrativedescriptive details that locate the story within the broader temporal, spatial, social, and spiritual context of biblical Israel. David E. Green, 15vols. (Read More) Topics and verses are auto-generated from user searches. 59. Samuel was a major contributor, but much of the book takes place after his death in 1 Samuel 25. 2. Its content not only indicates the overthrow of the priestly authority of the house of Eli and the implicit move to a different sort of authority to be embodied by the prophet Samuel, but it also adumbrates the rather dour and dire role that Samuel will play as leader, in relation to both Israel and to Saul. Alter, Ancient Israel, 256 nn. 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